Abstract:
Alcohol dependence (AD) contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development. High relapse rates show that a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. In 2017, Brückmann et al. identified in an epigenome-wide study in CD3+ T-cells differentially DNA methylated CpG sites in 59 genes from AD patients compared to controls (Brückmann et al., 2017). These included SYNGAP1: The DNA methylation level of SYNGAP1 (DNAmS) of AD patients was initially significantly lower than that of control individuals and, after a three-week inpatient withdrawal treatment, approached that of the control group. In the present study, the differential DNAmS was to be validated in an independent subject collective and in more easily accessible material (saliva and peripheral venous whole blood) in order to determine its function as a biomarker for diagnostic, disease severity and therapy success in AD.
The study cohort consisted of 64 patients undergoing a three-week inpatient withdrawal treatment in the Department of Psychiatry at the University hospital in Tübingen and 84 control subjects, at four time points (0, 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months). The DNA was isolated from both saliva and blood, a bisulfite conversion was performed and the DNAmS was analyzed by pyrosequencing. Data on alcohol-related variables was collected with questionnaires – AUDIT questionnaire for alcohol consumption, OCDS for alcohol craving and GSI in SCL90-R for psychological distress.
The questionnaires reflected reliably the difference in alcohol-related variables between patients and control individuals. Correlations with DNAmS and alcohol-related variables were mostly weak and not consistent over all variables. However, they opened interesting insights into the biological function of SYNGAP1 in times of craving and distress. The pattern of DNAmS observed in CD3+ T-cells could not be validated in saliva. In blood, DNAmS was significantly higher in patients than in controls at study start – in contrast to Brückmann et al.´s work, where it was lower. After withdrawal therapy it had approached the controls level. A potential confounding factor was found in the age variable since it correlated with DNAmS in blood at therapy start. After controlling for this by forming age subgroups, the difference between patients and controls before therapy could not be replicated. Significant differences in the DNAmS comparing the subgroups of relapsed vs. abstinent patients six or twelve months after therapy start were not detected in blood nor in saliva.
We found coherent links between SYNGAP1s biological function and both age and DNAmS and discussed possible roles for Ads pathomechanism. Concerning an association of DNAmS with relapse or abstinence, a high dropout rate of patients at later study time points reduced the statistical power and no conclusions could be drawn.
In summary, in this study, DNAmS in saliva did not show patterns of a suitable biomarker for diagnostic, disease severity or therapy progress of AD. In blood, a promising difference between the groups at study start was discovered, although relativized by a potential confounding effect of age. Insights in the biological function of SYNGAP1 and a potential pathomechanism for AD were found. A larger and more closely age-matched study collective would be needed to validate the differential DNAmS in blood of AD patients at study start and differentiate it from age effects. Given the link between the DNAm of SYNGAP1 and its cellular function, further investigation would be a promising step towards a novel biomarker for AD and ultimately a potential therapeutic target.