Abstract:
Subject of the thesis
The phenomenon of internal commissions - also referred to as kickbacks, refunds, and retrocessions - is widely spread in the field of capital investments. It means, for example, that the broker of an investment product or an asset manager receives from the offeror of the investment or a third party a commission for the procurement of a contract or the purchase or holding of a certain product. The investor who has commissioned the broker or asset manager, usually is not aware if or in which height the commissioned intermediator receives a commission from a third party.
The thesis examines, from a German law perspective, the questions
- whether and under which conditions such internal commissions in connection with investments are allowed,
- whether and under which conditions duties of disclosure about the receipt or payment of such internal commissions exist, and
- which legal consequences ensue from a breach of duty in connection with internal commissions.
Course of investigation
The brief introduction to the topic (Part 1) and the clarification of terminology and basics (Part 2) is followed by a legal analysis of the different approaches in deducing and legitimating duties of disclosure (Part 3) as well as duties and liabilities concerning information contained in investment brochures (Prospektpflicht und Prospekthaftung, Part 4). In the main part of the thesis (Part 5) the different relevant contractual and (specific) statutory rules are analyzed to find out whether they demand duties of disclosure regarding internal commissions under given circumstances. In doing so, among other things, the thesis goes into detail about the revision of Sec. 31 Wertpapierhandelsgesetz (WpHG, Securities Trading Act) which is based on a European requirement of the MiFID implementing directive (2006/73/EC). Furthermore, the different investment products - also such of the unorganized capital market - are examined, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of case law, with respect to the occurrence of internal commissions and the existence of duties of disclosure. After a clarification of the prohibitions and duties in connection with internal commissions, an overview of the legal consequences of breaches of duties (Part 6), such as the unlawful non-disclosure of internal commissions, follows. The thesis closes with a conclusion (Part 7) which presents a summary of the essential reasons for duties of disclosure with regard to internal commissions and points out a trend towards a possible general prohibition of internal commissions in the future.
Important results
The investigation reveals that written and unwritten duties of disclosure with regard to internal commissions mainly can be traced back to two rationales:
Intermediators who are obligated to safeguard the interests of the investor, for example asset managers, have to inform the investor about benefits that they receive from third parties in connection with the execution of the investor's order because there is the risk that such intermediators (otherwise) focus their actions on the maximization of such benefits. In order that the investor is able to evaluate the magnitude of inducement of benefits from third parties as well as the conflict of interests arising thereof, the fact and the extent of such benefits must be disclosed to the investor. If the conflict of interests caused by the benefits is not obvious, that must be disclosed too.
Due to the specific features of the product "investment" (among other things, the purpose of making profit, sometimes high complexity and extensive information monopoly of the offeror) and the general goal of an efficient capital market it is justified to burden the offeror with a duty to disclose essential information for a well-informed investment decision. That implies a duty for cost transparency. The height of the "soft costs" that do not go into the investment effectively is an important information for the investment decision. These costs have to be made up for by the performance of the investment at the market so that the investor reaches the profit zone. A separate disclosure of the internal commissions contained in the "soft costs" allows the investor, especially for investments on the unorganized capital market, further conclusions on the intrinsic value of an investment than the mere knowledge of the percentage of the "soft costs" does. Moreover, the height of the internal commissions gives an indication for the seriousness and respectability of the offeror, the broker and therefore the investment offer as such.