Abstract:
NK cell activity is governed by the complex interplay of multiple activating, inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. Therefore, a thorough understanding of NK cell biology requires the functional definition of these various receptors and their ligands. The NKC-encoded, homodimeric C-type lectin-like molecule NKp80 has been described as an activating orphan receptor, which is almost exclusively expressed by NK cells and stimulates NK cytolysis.
This thesis identifies the adjacently encoded C-type lectin-like molecule AICL as a physiological ligand of NKp80. It also defines AICL as a myeloid-specific, activating receptor expressed on monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. AICL is up-regulated in response to TLR stimulation and down-regulated during differentiation of monocytes to immature DCs. Cross-linking of AICL stimulated TNFalpha-release by monocytes, which was further enhanced by LPS stimulation. Additionally, it was shown that the NKp80-AICL interaction promotes lysis of AICL-expressing cells by NK cells. Malignant U937 cells were strongly lyzed by NK cells, whereas cytolysis of autologous LPS-activated monocytes was considerably lower or even absent depending on the donor. In other studies NK cell-mediated killing of infected monocytes and macrophages has been reported, and in these situations TLR-induced AICL expression may aid in the elimination of cells exposed to or infected by pathogens.
Further, this work shows that secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IFNgamma from NK cells and TNFalpha from monocytes, in co-cultures of NK cells and monocytes was strongly augmented by NKp80 engagement, and that the NKp80-AICL interaction accounts, at least in part, for the previously described cell contact-dependency of the activating cellular cross-talk between monocytes and NK cells. This thesis is the first report describing cell-type specific receptors mediating an activating cellular cross-talk between human NK cells and monocytes, which is thought to play a role in acute and chronic inflammatory situations. Therefore these findings provide novel insights into the communication within the innate immune system and may have important implications for the immune defence of certain pathogens and the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.