Abstract:
In the course of Portuguese and Spanish discoveries that started with Henry the Navigator and later Columbus, Portuguese sailors were the first Europeans to reach Japan. A landing testified in a 16th century Portuguese chronicle is considered as the starting point of a mutual European and Japanese history. In Europe vague knowledge about a half mythical land called Cipangu existed ever since Marco Polo's account. During the search for a sea route to India 200 years later the discoverers looked for this land because of its famed wealth of gold, without success, though. Finally the interest ceased and Japan was only included into Portugal's trading empire as one of the last countries in Asia. 1543 is given as the year for Portugal's first landing in that particular section of Diogo do Couto’s chronicle (continuing Barros), which is generally accepted as the official discovery report for Japan. But even though this report is highly problematic scientists have never doubted the authenticity of this event as the actual European "discovery" of Japan. In effect, neither the sailors' names nor the date or even the place of the landing itself can be verified or proven beyond any doubt. The insecurities become even more apparent by the fact that the "discoverers' ship" sailed under the command of Chinese smugglers. Above all, however, we do have one hint as to a possible earlier date for a "discovery" in a preceding section of the same chronicle (by João de Barros) mentioning a landing before 1539. But why would the Portuguese have presented a later event as the "discovery"? Within the general conditions of Portuguese expansion the competition with rivaling Spain was one of the most decisive facts. Shortly before Portugal opened the sea route to India Spain had started a first attempt to reach the same regions quicker going westwards. As a result of this competition about discoveries, colonization and direct trade with India, the two crowns agreed on the division of prospective land to be discovered in the treaty of Tordesillas. Further conflicts were to be prevented by means of a demarcation line: the west belonged to Spain, the east to Portugal. However, at the time of the treaty there were no means to determine the continuation of the line on the Pacific side. Eventually, an "antimeridian" was agreed upon in the treaty of Zaragosa in 1529. That line ran more or less along the 145th degree of longitude and therefore according to present knowledge through the eastern part of Hokkaido. Given the insufficient geographical knowledge around Japan, however, neither side could have been sure about the exact course of the line and, consequently, to which side Japan "belonged". The alarming fact for the Portuguese was that Spain at an early stage had shown a disposition to default. Documents from those years point to the fact that they repeatedly aimed at "discovering" land west of the antimeridian – because a genuine discovery was absolutely essential to defend a claim especially in disputed cases. Here, a clause of Zaragosa that regulated cases of landings in foreign regions as the result of a storm became particularly important as navigation in foreign regions became quasi legitimate, and sailors were not seen as defaulting. Spain referred to this "storm clause" repeatedly. Portugal, however, made use of the clause, too – interestingly enough in the alleged "discovery" of Japan. Given the unclear affiliation of the country, the necessity of a discovery with which the opposing side was familiar as well as navigation restricted by the treaty to one’s own regions – except when cast away in a storm – the discovery report of 1543, rather then being authentic, seems to have been designed for a political aim. At this time Spain was about to penetrate "East India" from the West – a threat to Portugal's trade monopoly. As a strategic outpost at the eastern border to the Pacific and because of its vicinity to China, Japan became particularly important. The Portuguese had to claim it for themselves first should this country, easy to reach for the Spaniards, not fall into the hands of the Spaniards. Because the first landing presumably took place years earlier - but knowledge of which had not reached Spain - such an event had to be designed and communicated to the Spaniards immediately – a course of events that can be reconstructed instantaneously through relevant reports in Spanish sources. Doing so, Portugal secured its influence in Japan, protected its eastern border to the Pacific and kept Spain (partly) away from trade with China. The "official" discovery report therefore hardly withstands a detailed survey on the basis of all available sources and indications. Rather, it appears as a politically and geo-strategically motivated construct in the conflict about regional influence and land in "East India" while Portugal's actual first landing most probably has to be brought forward to a date even earlier than 1539.