Abstract:
In times of the so-called "globalization", new chances, but also new challenges arise. Every day, we are faced with problems which concern humankind as a whole: destruction of the environment, climate change, terror and social injustice are only a few terms describing global challenges. We can only fight them when we co-operate internationally and interculturally - if at all. It is inevitable that in such co-operation different and - most probably - contradicting values are confronted with each other. This is the background dealt with in this thesis which analyses the universalistic, communication-based concept of Discourse Ethics. Originally initiated by Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel, this theory promotes the idea of finding a moral consensus on value issues based on rational argumentation on equal terms. Hence, it includes a set of rules for moral discourse.
But the question is raised whether this concept is practicable in intercultural moral conflicts. Especially, Seyla Benhabib puts forward the accusation that Discourse Ethics pays too little attention to the challenge of mutual understanding. This aspect is extremely important, as the case study shows which is discussed in this thesis: Initiated mainly by Hans Küng, the communicative process concerning a World Ethic could only succeed in finally proclaiming the "Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions" (Chicago, 1993) because Küng and his partners did everything they could to prevent interreligious misunderstandings.
Thus, the work focuses on the hermeneutic problem of application in Discourse Ethics. It proposes to extend the concept in a way to give more weight to prevent misunderstandings in intercultural communication. Hence, the thesis promotes to complement Habermas' theory from this hermeneutic point of view by introducing certain modifications of the original concept. More precisely, this newly developed intercultural concept of Discourse Ethics complements the following three aspects: firstly, the meaning of the word 'discourse', secondly, its characteristics, and thirdly, its rules.
Concerning the first point, the meaning of the word 'discourse', the new concept supports a dual-track strategy: on the one hand, the aim of consensus should be kept, but on the other hand, additionally, understanding different concepts of thinking and acting is suggested as a second, equally important aim. This holds particularly of understanding value concepts which at first glance appear alien or incomprehensible to one of the partners. To achieve this, the Hermeneutic Discourse is introduced here to complement Habermas' Moral Discourse.
Concerning, secondly, the characteristics of Discourse, which originally were "reasons and consensus" and "Kantian tradition", it is proposed to add the aim of mutual understanding. It includes to reflect on allegations which may be a hindrance to understanding. Furthermore, it asks to reflect on any emotions which may be relevant for value judgement, and finally, it demands in cases of misunderstanding, to temporarily suspend the aim of achieving consensus – and with it, suspending any premature value judgement. Fairness should thus be cultivated and furthermore, any judgement should be acceptable to the communication partner concerned. Thus, the two forms of Discourse should complement each other in such a way that the aim of the Hermeneutic Discourse, mutual understanding, supports the aim of the Moral Discourse, moral consensus.
To make this possible, a new rule is being suggested in this thesis which allows the transition from a Moral Discourse into an Hermeneutic Discourse whenever it seems necessary. Finally, in parallel to the rules of the Moral Discourse, twelve Rules of the Hermeneutic Discourses are developed. They are based on the present Intercultural Philosophy (referring mainly to Elmar Holenstein) in order to help prevent intercultural misunderstandings.
Thus, the thesis may be seen as a comprehensive and integrative attempt to improve the practical use of Discourse Ethics, especially concerning intercultural communication and cooperation.