Abstract:
The thesis examines regulatory remuneration provisions in asset management law, which originate in banking regulation, from a law and economics perspective. Under the 2011 AIFM Directive (AIFMD), the European legislator set out comprehensive requirements on the transparency of costs and the risk alignment of variable remuneration.
Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) regulated under the Directive include mainly hedge funds and private equity funds, which primarily institutional investors invest into. Under the AIFMD, the German Capital Investment Code (KAGB) as the national implementing act and detailed Guidelines issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the Managers of Alternative Investment Funds (AIFM) are subject to fully harmonised remuneration requirements.
Based on economic studies on the risk implications of remuneration structures in hedge funds (e.g., high-water mark clauses) and in private equity funds (e.g., carried interest models), the thesis critically examines the economic justification of the regulatory action against the background of the legislative rationale of investor protection and financial stability.
With regard to the principal-agent relationship between investor (principal) and manager (agent), the available literature indicates that possible deficits in the alignment of interests are less based on excessive risk taking by the manager and systemic risks resulting from this. Rather, they may result from financial and mathematical difficulties in the risk-adjusted measurement of investment returns, which forms the basis for performance fees common in AIFs.
Based on these findings, the thesis then examines from a legal perspective the regulatory requirements for German AIF Capital Management Companies (AIFMs), which manage so-called special AIF for professional investors. Remuneration-related cost transparency requirements, which include marketing-related and periodic information obligations, are viewed positively with regard to the alignment of interests between investors and managers.
In contrast, the risk-related requirements for the remuneration system of an AIFM (Section 37 KAGB in conjunction with Annex II AIFMD) are assessed critically in comparison with the banking law requirements (German Banking Act in conjunction with the German Remuneration Ordinance for Institutions). Finally, the thesis examines – for example with regard to outsourcing arrangements and the proportionality principle – the content and limits of the remuneration rules and points out inconsistencies with regard to the legislative intention to align risk and variable remuneration.