Abstract:
Both human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are widespread in the population. They can cause severe morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Apart from the standard treatment with antiviral drugs, T cell-based immune therapies such as adoptive T cell transfer have been successfully used in recent years. A prerequisite for this treatment is the comprehensive knowledge about virus-specific T cell epitopes.
The T cell epitopes of both viruses have already been the subject of numerous studies. Nevertheless, the epitope mapping in both cases shows certain gaps. In EBV there is a striking gap in HLA-A*01-restricted epitopes. While dominant epitopes are known and characterized for all other common HLAs, not a single useful HLA-A*01-restricted epitope has been described. In contrast, due to the size of HCMV, studies on its epitopes have mostly focused on specific antigens, which also prevented comprehensive mapping. The aim of this work was therefore the identification and characterization of novel HCMV-specific and HLA-A*01-restricted, EBV-specific T cell epitopes.
To this end, epitope prediction was performed to identify HLA-A*01-binding peptides throughout the entire EBV proteome. From this list of peptides, 171 peptides were evaluated for immunogenicity using IFNγ ELISpot assays. Subsequently, the HLA restriction of strongly immunogenic peptides was verified via flow cytometry. Of the tested peptides, 29 were immunogenic; seven of them were dominant epitopes. For all dominant epitopes the HLA-A*01 restriction was confirmed and reactive CD8+ T cells in healthy donors were identified.
In the second project, candidate HCMV epitopes were isolated as HLA ligands from cell lines infected with HCMV mutants and then sequenced by mass spectrometry. Of the 181 ligands, 50 (30%) could be characterized as epitopes. For all 13 dominant epitopes the predicted HLA restriction could be confirmed. The infection of two further cell lines allowed the isolation of hundreds of new peptides, which can be subjected to immunogenicity testing. Since the HLA ligands originate from more than 100 different proteins, this method is ideally suited for an unbiased, comprehensive analysis of the epitopes throughout the entire proteome.
In summary, novel, strongly immunogenic epitopes were identified for both viruses, which could be employed for vaccination and antigen-specific immunotherapy in the future.