Abstract:
In this thesis, local electrical transport properties of superconducting devices and LaAlO3/SrTiO3-heterostruktures of correlated electron systems were studied to gain new insights into their physical behavior.In addition to integral measurement methods a modernized low-temperature scanning electron microscope (LTSEM) was used to determine the spatial dependent phase difference in Josephson devices and to investigate the local electrical conductivity of the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) formed at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface.The imaging technique of the LTSEM allows spatially resolved mapping of the critical super current density and the electrical conductivity in thin film devices. A new cryostat stage for the LTSEM was completed, which enables extremely stable spatial and temperature sample investigations, so that the measurement technology of the current ramping was implemented additionally. The distribution of the critical current density of a Josephson junction (JJ) with a current injector was mapped spatially resolved with the new system. Furthermore, the influence of an Abrikosov vortex (AV) on the critical current (Ic) of a JJ and a possible Bose Einstein condensation on a JJ-network was investigated. Josephson contacts with non-trivial current-phase relationships have attracted large attention in the field of fundamental physics during the last two decades and they have many of possible applications in classical as well as quantum circuits: e.g. as phase batteries or memory elements. Of particular interest is the modulation of the Josephson phase. Images of the spatial resolved critical current density of a JJ allow a direct conclusion on the distribution of the Josephson phase along the contact. In a JJ with current injector the local phase discontinuity with adjustable height was spatially analyzed by LTSEM imaging. For this purpose, the modulating critical current density was determined spatially resolved for different step heights using the LTSEM. Depending on its position, an AV in the vicinity of a JJ also affects the distribution of the Josephson phase along the JJ. The electron beam of the LTSEM was used to generate a mobile pinning potential for an AV that was injected into the system, allowing the position of the AV relative to the JJ to be changed. The influence of AV on the Josephson phase, which depends on its position, is demonstrated in this work by Ic investigations. Another topic in this work is about spatial resolved conductivity investigations of the 2DES formed at the boundary layer of one of LaAlO3/SrTiO3-heterostructures. According to the reconstruction scenario, the 2DES forms from a layer thickness of 4 unit cells LaAlO3 (which is epitaxial grown on Ti-terminated SrTiO3) at the interface of these two "bulk" insulators. In recent years, "in-gap" defect states, which can explain e.g. the photoconductivity of the system and the formation of 2DES in the case of amorphous LaAlO3, have become a focus of current research. In addition, SrTiO3 undergoes a cubic to tetragonal phase transition at approx. 105 K, resulting to the formation of twin walls. In this work, structures of electron beam induced local conductivity changes of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface were mapped using the LTSEM imaging technique. According to their orientation these structures can be identified with twin walls. It is demonstrated that temperature cycles above the critical temperature of the SrTiO3 phase transition lead to the formation of new twin walls. Based on "in-gap" states, a signal generation model is presented that can explain the executed LTSEM sample investigations regarding beam-induced conductivity changes. Electron irradiation improves the conductivity of the 2DES, with twin walls making a significant contribution. The beam-induced changes of conductivity persist beyond the irradiation period and show a behavior similar to photoconductivity of the 2DES.