Abstract:
Cotton fiber is essential for the textile industry due to its softness, durability, and absorbency. Therefore, the assessment of the cotton quality is needed, which is determined by the degree of contamination. The predominant contaminants in raw cotton come from insects that excrete sug-ars called honeydew during feeding. Cotton contaminated by sugar causes significant problems for textile equipment. Honeydew is the most common source of sticky cotton. However, various methods in visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges are regularly used for quality control and sorting procedures, while the ultraviolet (UV) range has not been widely used. In recent years, hyperspectral imaging systems have gained increased attention over traditional techniques due to their multi-modality, spatial resolution, and ability for quantitative analysis. These advantages have made them highly attractive for various applications, such as in the textile industry.
The main goal of this work is to develop a method to detect honeydew contamination in the UV range. For this purpose, a UV hyperspectral imaging system based on a spectrograph connected to a CCD camera was constructed. The samples were placed on a conveyor belt, which moved them underneath the hyperspectral imaging camera. This technique is called pushbroom imaging. Depending on the application, either Xenon or Deuterium lamps were used for illumination since Deuterium lamps provide a higher illumination strength in the UV-C region compared to the xenon-arc lamp. In order to validate this novel imaging setup, a set of well-known substances, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and painkillers, was used. These sample are ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, and paracetamol. The results were compared with single-point spectroscopy and analyzed using chemometric data analysis. It was shown that the hyperspectral imaging achieved reliable results, and an analytical method was developed to identify commercial painkiller tablets with the new prototype. Subsequently, a separate sample set, including direct bonded copper (DBC) sheets, was tested for a secondary evaluation. The developed prototype is able to detect very thin oxide layers, as thin as a few nanometers. It can also distinguish between various oxidation states via a cleaning procedure for DBC samples. Consequently, cotton samples from different countries were investigated using Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging. The data obtained were compared to that obtained from single-point spectroscopy and analyzed using multivariate data analysis. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish between different cotton types based on specific wavelength ranges. In the last step, the quantification of honeydew contamination on cotton was determined. A calibration procedure was developed using mechanically cleaned cotton samples. These samples were immersed in different concentrations of sugar and protein to mimic cotton contaminated with honeydew. Consequently, they were analyzed after 44 hours and one month. Further improvements were made to the UV hyperspectral imaging setup in the later measurement. The data obtained were analyzed using chemometrics to predict the local quantities of honeydew on cotton samples successfully. In conclusion, the present work aims to quantify the spatial amount of honeydew contaminated on cotton by developing a hyperspectral imaging prototype in the UV region that is advantageous for industrial applications.
The results showed that hyperspectral imaging has several advantages over established analytical techniques, such as lateral resolution, the ability to analyze samples non-destructively, detect materials at very low concentrations, and identify materials even when mixed or obscured by other materials. It is also highly sensitive and can detect subtle changes in the chemical composition of materials over time.