Abstract:
The study presented here deals with the fate, toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of incorporating structural motifs similar to agrochemicals on selected target and non-target insect species against the background of the currently observed global decline of most insect populations caused by habitat loss and chemical pollution.
In standardised bioassays the biological responses of three test organisms to seven inactive test compounds and Coumarin as reference compound were investigated. The assays were specially designed and adapted to the requirements for the development of toxicokinetic (TK) models, the processes of uptake and excretion of that test substances were investigated. The insect species included in the experiments represent different ecological adaptation types in terms of their habitat selection, their type of food intake and different agricultural importance: Spodoptera littoralis (leaf chewing larval pest), Myzus persicae aphids (sap sucker pest) and Chironomus riparius mosquito larvae (aquatic non-target).
The assays included an exposure phase with treated food or contaminated water, followed by an elimination phase with untreated food or water. Three of the compounds tested proved lethal at the dose tested, one of them against M. persicae, two even against C. riparius. No changes in behavior (movement, feeding and excretion) were monitored in treated compared to untreated S. littoralis.
Aphids have an about threefold higher ratio of food uptake to body mass than S. littoralis larvae, but the total quantity of compounds absorbed in the aphid bodies remained lower. Hydrophilic compounds were detected at higher quantities in insect excretion products (feces and honeydew) than in respective insect bodies at the end of the exposure period. In contrast, the quantities of the more lipophilic compounds in the insect body increased.
Two TK models were applied to the S. littoralis data, the first considering only the internal and external concentrations of the test compounds. As this was not sufficient to sufficiently describe the TK, the second TK model (applied to S. littoralis and C. riparius) additionally included the increase in body mass and the biotransformation products of these compounds by the tested individuals.
S. littoralis has a faster uptake and elimination kinetics and a more pronounced biotransformation for the test chemicals, which may be of relevance for pest control. In contrast, the elimination kinetics of C. riparius were found to be slower, raising concerns about bioaccumulation and possible effects on the food web. Aphids had to be excluded from modelling due to their reproduction which makes proper mathematical calculations of compound quantities per body mass impossible. The combination of data from TK bioassay and modelling disclosed different metabolic profiles for the tested species: S. littoralis and C. riparius processed compounds via both oxidation and demethylation pathways, whereas M. persicae only utilized oxidation pathways.
This thesis provides new insights, but also highlights limitations in the representation of species-specific differences in TK, which could become relevant for the development of selective insecticides. The differences observed in the uptake, biotransformation and excretion of the administered test substances underline the complexity of biological reactions of insects to them. The study also illustrates that our ecological knowledge is not yet sufficient to satisfactorily predict the selective effects compounds on individual insect species and their long-term effects on insect populations when additional stress factors resulting from climate change, occur.
The differences in the biotransformation capacity between the species revealed by the study are discussed against the background of a possible release of environmental toxins in an environment that is changing due to climate change. In addition, possibilities and requirements for the application of toxicokinetic models to improve selectivity for the development of future insecticides for the protection and conservation of insect diversity are shown.