Abstract:
Input of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in marine ecosystems occurs over several orders of magnitude and microbial degradation is a relevant and arguably crucial attenuation process. However, the remediation of low-dosage PAH contaminations through biodegradation remains largely unstudied. In the presented thesis, the knowledge gap surrounding PAH-degradation activity under different contaminant loads was addressed with a combination of numerical modelling and laboratory experiments covering questions from the dynamics of biochemical pathways to the overall response of environmental systems.
In the first published study presented in this thesis, a process-based numerical model was developed. Biomass growth and naphthalene degradation were simulated for Cycloclasticus spp. batch cultures receiving repeated low-dosage naphthalene pulses compared to the conventionally used one-time high-dosage Vogel et al., 2023a. The results showed that pulsing frequency and dosage concentration impacted the degradation efficiency in the simulated experiments considerably. In consequence, dissolution kinetics dictated biodegradation and biomass growth, making the final biomass concentration of PAH-degrading bacteria alone not a sufficient indicator for the quantification of active biodegradation. Furthermore, a one-time input of a high-naphthalene dose was degraded faster than repeated low dosages, implying that repeated low-dosage input could lead to PAH accumulation in exposed pristine environments. Thus, the interactions of coupled low-concentration pollutant degradation and microbial growth processes were elucidated and the results may have important implications for future bioremediation management of diffuse oil contamination in the marine environment.
For risk assessment and bioremediation monitoring, knowledge of in situ degradation rates is imperative. The ratio of mRNA to DNA of functional genes, the professed transcript-to-gene ratio, could be a cultivation-independent, measurement to obtain per-cell degradation rates - potentially even in a high-throughput manner. If successful, such a measure would provide a method for quantifying in situ PAH-degradation rates. The second and third studies aimed, therefore, to understand expression of functional genes under various PAH loads, which might help to monitor and predict bioremediation efficiency in the future. It was, however, unknown if the transcription of PAH-degradation biomarker genes could serve as an indicator of active PAH degradation. Using the model PAH degrader Cycloclasticus pugetii strain PS-1, substrate-independent expression of three key functional marker genes was found during the degradation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, a combination of both, and no-PAH controls at high concentrations (i.e., 200 mg L-1) using qPCR Vogel et al., 2023b. In subsequent RNA-sequencing experiments with high and low naphthalene dosages (i.e., 100 and 30 mg L-1) genetic redundancy was detected as 15 genes encoding for enzymes involved in the initial step of PAH degradation were highly transcribed. Remarkably, some of these were transcribed during active naphthalene degradation, while others were expressed in naphthalene-starvation treatments. Additionally, some genes - including the three functional marker genes from Vogel et al., 2023b - were expressed substrate-independently, regardless of available naphthalene Vogel et al., 2024. Hence, two distinct enzymatic systems for the naphthalene-degradation pathway were proposed: one where the encoding genes were transcribed substrate-independently resulting in "background" PAH degradation, and a second system where the encoding genes were transcribed in response to the PAH enabling a "rapid response" following naphthalene exposure. This hypothesized genetic flexibility might allow highly specialized PAH degraders like Cycloclasticus spp. to adapt to changing PAH dosages (i.e., concentrations) in a need-based manner. Ultimately, the results imply that the transcription of PAH-marker genes does not necessarily correspond with PAH-degradation activity, and (meta-)transcription data should always be evaluated with caution.
In summary, this work has greatly expanded our understanding of the dependence between PAH degradation (activity) and gene expression in marine environments. The presented thesis highlights how an interdisciplinary approach which includes numerical modelling and wet-lab-based studies can close knowledge gaps that are difficult to investigate with more classical experiments. The results show that the so-far-overlooked parameters of PAH dosage and frequency can highly influence biodegradation on multiple levels and, thereby, the fate of contaminants within marine environments.