Abstract:
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose a significant global threat due to their persistence, widespread environmental presence, and potential health risks. Despite advances in understanding PFAS fate, mobility, and remediation, a critical knowledge gap remains regarding their behavior in multicomponent systems, which better represent real-world conditions. This research focuses on understanding the role of metal cations in dictating PFAS adsorption across diverse environmental settings. In addition to compiling two review articles, this thesis makes two significant contributions: it explores how metal cations influence PFAS fate and mobility in natural environments and examines the use of carbonaceous adsorbents for simultaneous removal of PFAS and metals in different water matrices.
The first part of the study employed batch experiments and surface complexation modeling to evaluate the effect of metal cations (Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(II)) on PFAS adsorption onto goethite (α-FeOOH) surfaces, a common iron oxy(hydr)oxide in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The PFAS studied included PFOA and PFOS (legacy PFAS listed as persistent organic pollutants), GenX (a short-chain substitute for PFOA and classified as a substance of very high concern), and PFDA (a long-chained PFAS). The interactions between PFAS and metal cations on goethite surfaces are highly dependent on the type of PFAS, pH, and cation concentration, and can be predicted using a surface complexation model. The presence of Cu(II) and Cd(II) enhances the adsorption of PFOS and PFDA through ternary surface complexation, while slightly reducing the adsorption of PFOA and GenX. Fe(II) increases the adsorption of all four PFAS, showing greater reactivity than Cu(II) and Cd(II). Additionally, natural organic matter (LHA) can enhance PFAS mobility, but metal cations in groundwater may counteract this effect, promoting PFAS retention. These findings underscore the critical role of metal cations in influencing PFAS behavior and transport, especially at oxic-anoxic interfaces.
The second part of the study evaluated multiple carbonaceous adsorbents for the simultaneous removal of PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and Cd(II). Among the tested adsorbents, activated carbon and hardwood-derived biochar exhibited superior co-adsorption of PFAS and Cd(II), attributed to their improved surface properties. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics data indicated that the adsorption efficiency for PFAS followed the order PFOS > PFOA > GenX, influenced by hydrophobicity and functional groups. Cd(II) adsorption improved with increasing PFAS concentrations. Similarly, Cd(II) enhanced the adsorption of PFOS and PFOA through synergistic binding, while it reduced GenX adsorption due to competitive interactions. The adsorbents maintained consistent adsorption capacity across a wide pH range, suggesting versatility in real-world applications. A novel step-wise methanol-acid regeneration method enabled the separation of PFAS and Cd(II), allowing efficient pollutant recovery (>90%) and effective reuse over three treatment cycles. Both adsorbents showed promise for PFAS removal in groundwater and wastewater, highlighting their potential for broader applications. This study illustrates the viability of carbonaceous adsorbents, particularly biochar as a cost-effective alternative to activated carbon, for co-adsorbing PFAS and Cd(II) from contaminated water/wastewater.
This research provides important insights into the fate of PFAS in multicomponent natural systems and informs the development of efficient adsorption systems for the simultaneous removal of PFAS and metals.