Abstract:
Volcanic eruptions are among the most hazardous natural catastrophes on Earth,
profoundly affecting human societies and ecosystems. These eruptions originate from
dynamic processes within the Earth’s interior, where silicate melts in magmatic
systems contain dissolved volatile components, primarily water (H2O). Dissolved H2O
significantly influences key physical and chemical properties of magmas, including
viscosity, density, liquidus temperature, and phase equilibria. The solubility of H2O in
silicate melts is strongly dependent on pressure and, to a lesser extent, on temperature
and chemical composition. During magma ascent, pressure decreases, leading to
degassing and vesicle formation, which play a critical role in eruption dynamics. Rapid
vesicle formation reduces magma density, increases buoyancy, accelerates magma
ascent, and can trigger explosive eruptions. However, variations in volcanic settings,
melt compositions, and volatile contents result in different eruption behaviors.
The studies presented here experimentally examine degassing behavior of magma in
two volcanic settings, focusing on the influence of pressure, temperature, and chemical
composition on H2O solubility and degassing in silicate melts.
Study I and II examine the degassing behavior of the Lower Laacher See Phonolite
melt, with focus on the initial formation and growth of vesicles, as well as the onset and
progression of vesicle coalescence during decompression. Systematic solubility and
decompression experiments with hydrous phonolite melts were conducted at
superliquidus temperatures to analyze degassing mechanisms in detail. Upon reaching
sufficient supersaturation pressures, all melts exhibited homogeneous vesiculation
with high vesicle number densities (logVND) of 5.1–5.7, facilitating near-equilibrium
H2O concentration adjustments through further degassing. The decompression rate
independent initial VND appears inconsistent with nucleation theory but may align with
the theory of spinodal decomposition, a phenomenon notably observed in alkali-rich
melts (Study I).
While the initial logVNDs remained constant across different decompression rates, the
coalesced vesicle volumes formed during further decompression exhibited a significant
decrease in logVNDs, dropping by 1.2 to 4.1 log units depending on the decompression
rate. This behavior mimics a decompression rate dependent VND predicted by
nucleation theory (Study II). This shift reflects the transition from high VND during initial
degassing to coalescence-driven processes, which can significantly alter eruption
dynamics.
Study III explores the H2O solubility in peralkaline haplogranitic melts as a function of
pressure and temperature. Melt compositions based on haplogranitic melts with 2, 4,
and 8 wt% excess Na2O were used. The H2O solubility was found to decrease with
temperature and increase with pressure and peralkalinity. A linear relationship between
Na2O excess and H2O solubility was established, enabling predictions of H2O solubility
in peralkaline rhyolitic melts based on excess alkali content.
Study IV investigates the interaction of basaltic and mildly peralkaline hydrous rhyolitic
melts under decompression, simulating the injection of a mafic melt into a hydrous
felsic magma chamber. Bimodal decompression experiments using contacted pre-
hydrated rhyolite and basalt cylinders revealed an enhanced vesiculated zone in the
alkali-depleted rhyolitic part of the hybrid zone. This zone formed due to rapid
diffusional loss of alkalis from the rhyolitic melt into the basaltic melt, significantly
reducing H2O solubility and enhancing H2O supersaturation. This process accelerates
vesicle formation, buoyancy-driven magma ascent, and magma mingling, which can
intensify degassing and potentially trigger explosive eruptions.