Abstract:
This thesis explores the development and application of high-temperature superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) based on YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) for the magnetometry of individual magnetic nanoparticles. For this application, the fabrication of grain boundary YBCO SQUIDs was optimised, involving both a microstructuring step using optical lithography and argon ion milling, and a subsequent nanopatterning step using focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. To improve patterning accuracy and increase device quality and yield, an enhanced lithography alignment strategy and optimised mask designs were developed. In addition to conventional gallium-FIB processing, a novel approach based on neon-FIB milling was employed, enabling higher resolution structuring.
Due to the high critical temperature and magnetic field resilience of YBCO, the fabricated
nanoSQUIDs allowed measurements at temperatures up to 31K and magnetic fields up to 400mT. Two types of magnetic nanoparticles were investigated: iron (Fe) nanowires embedded in carbon nanotubes and europium sulfide (EuS) nanodiscs.
The magnetic switching behaviour of Fe nanowires was studied over a temperature range of 4K to 31K, and the switching fields were found to follow a thermally activated reversal model. EuS nanodiscs with diameters ranging from 200nm to 700 nm were investigated at temperatures from 15mK to 20K and magnetic fields up to 150mT. The 700nm discs exhibited vortex-like magnetisation behaviour and Curie temperatures around 18K, in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations and thin-film properties. However, the 200nm disc showed degradation, revealing the critical impact of fabrication with FIB milling.
In addition to the nanoparticle studies, this thesis demonstrates the successful implementation of the novel vector-substrate approach to realise YBCO-based grain boundary Josephson junctions on a sapphire substrate. An epitaxially grown bicrystalline SrTiO3 (STO) membrane was released from its original growth substrate using a water-soluble sacrificial layer and transferred onto a sapphire substrate. Subsequent epitaxial growth of a YBCO thin film resulted in a bicrystalline film on the STO-sapphire stack. Part
of this thesis included the microfabrication and electrical characterisation of functional Josephson junctions in this novel heterostructure.