Abstract:
Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of gram-negative procaryotes that shaped the
atmosphere of today’s earth. While some cyanobacteria are multicellular and even
consist of different specialized cell types, others such as the model organism
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are unicellular. Synechocystis can grow autotrophically,
heterotrophically, or mixotrophically. Like other unicellular cyanobacteria,
Synechocystis is non-diazotrophic and relies on combined nitrogen sources. These
are processed in the GS/GOGAT cycle where glutamate is formed using
2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as carbon skeleton for amination. 2-OG, being an intermediate
of the TCA cycle, can be considered the interconnection of nitrogen and carbon
metabolism, making it the ideal status reporter of the carbon/nitrogen balance. When
depleted of nitrogen, Synechocystis switches to a highly reduced metabolic state,
called chlorosis. During chlorosis, glycogen is slowly degraded resulting in the
formation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biopolymer of industrial relevance.
In Synechocystis and other organisms, the signaling protein PII controls a variety of
cellular processes. PII proteins can sense the energy and nitrogen state of the cell by
binding either ATP or ADP and additionally 2-OG in the ATP bound state. Depending
on these effectors, PII can interact with its targets, i.e., enzymes, co-transcription
factors, transporters, or small proteins controlling other targets. Understanding the PII
interactome is therefore crucial for understanding the cyanobacterial metabolism.
Hence the main task of this work was to identify and characterize new PII interaction
partners based on preliminary pulldown results. Indeed, two previously unknown PII
targets – phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the PII interacting regulator of
carbon metabolism (PirC) – were successfully identified. The mode of interaction with
PII, influence of effectors, binding constants and physiological and metabolic effects of
PII regulation were described. PirC was identified as inhibitor of phosphoglycerate
mutase (PGAM), thereby controlling the carbon flux towards either glycogen synthesis
or the TCA cycle as shown by a PirC deficient mutant. During chlorosis, the mutant
strain utilized glycogen at a higher rate than the wild type while simultaneously
producing unusually high amounts of PHB. Moreover, these results were brought to
practical use with the creation of the PHB overproducing strain PPT1.