Abstract:
The nature of dark matter (DM), which constitutes approximately 26% of the energy content of the universe, remains one of the central open questions in modern physics. This work is dedicated to the indirect search for dark matter via monoenergetic neutrinos with the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) detector, covering the entire mass range from mχ = 15 MeV to 10 GeV. The analysis assumes dark matter self-annihilation via χχ → νℓν̄ℓ in the Milky Way, with a democratic neutrino flavor composition.
The primary goal of this work is to determine the exclusion sensitivity of JUNO on the thermally averaged annihilation cross section using a Bayesian framework with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Systematic uncertainties are accounted for through log-normal nuisance parameters, and the robustness against statistical fluctuations in real measurements is quantified through toy Monte Carlo studies. To perform this analysis, precise Asimov-like predictions of signal and background spectra are essential.
Therefore, using extensive Monte Carlo simulations based on GENIE and the full JUNO detector simulation, signal and background spectra are modeled across the entire energy range. The low-energy diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) is incorporated considering different theoretical models, while atmospheric neutrino fluxes are propagated to the JUNO site assuming three-flavor oscillations including matter effects. Energy-dependent selection strategies are developed to optimize the signal-to-background ratio in each regime.
In the MeV regime, a new machine-learning-based vertex reconstruction achieving approximately 18 cm resolution enables a topology-based selection of inverse beta decay (IBD) combined with a subsequent pulse-shape discrimination (PSD). In the sub-GeV regime, a flavor-based selection using machine-learning-based particle identification (PID) as well as a topological zero-neutron selection are introduced to enhance characteristic spectral features of a monoenergetic neutrino source. In the GeV regime, directional selection around the Galactic Center suppresses the nearly isotropic atmospheric background while retaining a large fraction of the dark matter signal.
JUNO can improve existing Super-Kamiokande (SK) limits by approximately one order of magnitude in the mass range mχ ≈ 15 MeV to 1 GeV after 10 years of data taking, with statistical uncertainty dominating systematic effects. For one-year scenarios, exclusion sensitivity is competitive with current limits in the MeV regime, while the sub-GeV range achieves 5σ discovery potential for masses above approximately 0.2 GeV. In the GeV regime, improvements are limited by angular resolution, but a competitive, independent verification of existing limits is achieved. The analysis extends to p-wave annihilation through J-factor rescaling, and the model-independent flux limits determined in this work represent a general result applicable to any source of monoenergetic neutrino signals.