Abstract:
Chloride secretion by the gastrointestinal tract is central to its physiological function. When chloride secretion is activated in response to cAMP in intestinal epithelia, basolateral uptake must also increase to maintain electrolyte composition. The importance of basolateral chloride uptake by the bumetanide-sensitive Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter NKCC1 lies in the rate-limiting step in the onset of apical choride secretion predominantly mediated by the chloride channel CFTR.
Chloride secretion is defective in several diseases. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation of the CFTR gene, resulting in ineffective chloride, sodium and water secretion in all exocrine glands. This leads to production of viscid mucus predominantly in lung and intestine, the patients suffer of obstruction, dilatation, infection and insufficiency of several organs.
New experiments in CFTR-deficient and CFTR-transfected pancreatic tumour cells showed reduced expression and functional activity of NBC and NKCC1 which suggested that CFTR may transcriptionally regulate these basolateral anion uptake mechanisms. This hypothetized that the CF-associated dysfunction of basolateral anion uptake mechanisms, rather than the apical CFTR anion conductance, may cause the severe anion secretory defect in pancreatic ducts of many CF patients.
In this dissertation NKCC1 mRNA expression, Na+/K+/2Cl--cotransport activity and regulation by cAMP in crypts isolated from CFTR(+/+) and CFTR(-/-) murine proximal colon were therefore investigated. mRNA expression levels were determined my semiquantitative PCR with 18s rRNA as an internal control, transport rates were measured fluorometrically in BCECF-loaded crypts with the NH4+ puls technique, Forskolin was used for cAMP-mediated stimulation of NKCC1 activity.
NKCC1 mRNA expression levels were slightly reduced in the gastrointestine of CFTR(-/-) mice compared to their normal littermates, but this difference didn’t reach statistical significance and dissapeared when villin, a cytoskeletal protein, was comprised. Azosemide-sensitive NH4+ influx as a measure for Na+/K+/2Cl--cotransport was lower in CFTR(-/-) than in CFTR(+/+) crypts and increased significantly in CFTR(+/+) and (-/-) crypts upon forskolin stimulation. A similar effect could be demonstrated in crypts of normal mice after application of the K+ channel inhibitor 293B.
In conclusion, these results showed preserved activation by cAMP in colonic crypts from CFTR(-/-) mice, ruling out a severe dysfunction of the Na+/K+/2Cl--cotransporter in CF intestine. Furthermore, these studies establish the existence of a direct, cell-volume- and intracellular chloride concentration independent activation of colonic NKCC by an increase in intracellular cAMP.
The functioning of basolateral anion uptake mechanisms is essential for an activation of anion secretion via eventual alternative secretion mechanisms. In the future this might open new possibilities for the therapy of cystic fibrosis.