Abstract:
Ongoing urbanization and climate change threaten not only biodiversity but also human health, since being in nature is beneficial to human well-being - physically and mentally. However, the underlying mechanisms linking nature experiences and mental well-being are difficult to pinpoint. Many factors are theorized to play a role, which is why investigating the potential contribution of bird diversity to the mental well-being benefits of being in nature, is one of the key questions this dissertation aims to understand.
In the first part of this dissertation, human mental well-being was surveyed and connected to local bird diversity, habitat heterogeneity, and landscape features. Results showed that participants’ perception of bird diversity in the study areas was relatively accurate. Positive determinants of mental well-being included perceived naturalness and perceived bird diversity, whereas a highly visible human impact and infrastructure were associated with lower mental well-being, place attachment, and perception. The perceived naturalness of study areas was positively related to present bird diversity and negatively to the human impact. Individual traits, such as positive perception of birds, a high birding specialization, and bird species knowledge were connected to a positive nature experience.
For the second half of the dissertation, two experimental studies were designed. In a controlled, park-like environment, participants undertook an unguided 30-minute walk-through, with mental well-being and physiological stress parameters measured in a pre-post-test design. The treatment groups were designed to enhance the exposure to and/or awareness of birdsong. All groups experienced improved well-being and reduced physiological stress parameters. Increased awareness of participants' surroundings led to improved mental well-being, while additional birdsong did not. The group that was prompted visually to stop regularly on their walk and listen attentively reported the highest benefits, indicating a higher perceived restorativeness of ambient sound and birdsong compared to the group receiving a verbal cue instead. Furthermore, greater bird species knowledge and a positive nature experience led to better mental well-being, as did a positive perception of birds and higher estimated bird diversity.
Finally, bird species characteristics of brightness, visual attractivity, beauty of song, and cuteness were calculated into one value and connected to the mental well-being of recreationists. Species with a high amount of these characteristics lead to a positive effect of satisfaction and place attachment, while birds exhibiting a lower value may even have negative effects. This result could help in understanding why studies on mental well-being and bird diversity often report mixed results. The characteristics of the bird species present in the study areas could have a bigger effect than previously believed. Going forward, this information can help planners improve urban green spaces, not only by creating habitats for birds but also by considering how those same birds may in turn influence the mental well-being of humans. While careful interpretation and further large-scale studies are needed, the present results offer a promising starting point, showing that bird species traits are indeed related to human experience in recreational areas.
Building on these findings, practical implications emerge for designing recreational urban areas: enhancing perceived naturalness and positive nature experiences while reducing visible human impact together can promote human mental well-being. The results also highlight the potential of practical interventions like signage to enhance the nature awareness and mental well-being of recreationists, possibly even leading to more positive attitudes towards nature conservation.