Abstract:
Nitrogen-, sulphur-, and oxygen-heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSOs) are common groundwater pollutants at sites contaminated by coal tar; however, they are frequently overlooked. NSOs have also been found at others places. For instance, benzotriazole, a commonly used additive in aircraft de-icing fluids and an anticorrosive agent, has been detected in the groundwater at airports. NSOs are of special interest because they often are strong smelling, toxic, and have high water solubilities. Accurate prediction of NSOs' leaching potential and contamination of groundwater requires improved understanding of the sorption of these compounds. The major goals of this study were to identify the various sorption processes that NSOs undergo in aquifers and to investigate the effect of environmental factors on their sorption processes. In this study, a soil column chromatography (SCC) method was validated and applied to characterize the sorption behavior of a wide variety of NSOs to reference soils (Eurosoils 1-5).
Pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole and pyrimidine were hardly retarded in any soil. The sorption of S- and O-heterocyclic compounds (thiophene, benzothiophene, 5-methylbenzo[b]thiophene, benzofuran, 2-methylbenzofuran and 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran) was generally controlled by non-specific interactions (partitioning) with soil organic carbon (OC). There is no significant effect of ionic strength and inorganic chemical composition in the aqueous phase on the sorption of these compounds.
Cation exchange was the dominant mechanism in the overall sorption of ionizable compounds (pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinaldine), even at pH values that allow only for a low fraction of the compound to be protonated in aqueous solution. Soil pH was the most important factor influencing the sorption of these compounds. Increasing Ca2+ concentration in aqueous solution reduced their sorption due to competition between Ca2+ and organic cationic species for the sorption sites. At the same ionic strength, by changing Ca2+ to K+ in the mobile phase, the sorption of protonated N-heterocyclic species was enhanced.
The sorption of NSOs can be described by a conceptual model including partition to soil OC, cation exchange, and an additional sorption process (most probably surface complexation of the neutral species), i.e., Kd = Kd.part + Kd,BH+ + Kd,B. A fairly precise assessment of sorption can be expected based on this equation for most N-, S-, and O-heterocyclic compounds and soils without considering additional soil specific properties (e.g., accessible surface, charge density, etc.). Based on this conceptual model, Kd of quinoline and isoquinoline was described accurately in all of the five soil samples, which differed largely in their composition. Sorption of quinaldine, 2-methylpyridine and pyridine was explained by the model in all soils within a factor of 2, except in Eurosoil 1.
Ternary surface complexation involving Ca2+ is suggested to be an important mechanism in the sorption of benzotriazole.
Transport of quinoline, quinaldine, and benzotriazole in the column packed with Eurosoil 4 were simulated with a one-site first order model. It shows that the degree of nonequilibrium resulting from intraparticle diffusion is negligible in the column experiments designed here. The tailing of breakthrough curves was primarily caused by nonlinear sorption, although modeled exponents of the Freundlich isotherms were not less than 0.7 for the investigated compounds.
Overall, considering the sorption in a three-dimensional approach (compound-soil-water properties) gives an improved understanding of the fate of polar organic compounds in the subsurface. Further work on specific sorption mechanisms (e.g., surface complexation) for certain NSOs should be carried out in order to quantify the sorption of such compounds more precisely.
I am deeply grateful to my supervisors Prof. Dr. Stefan Haderlein and Prof. Dr. Torsten Schmidt for their continuous support, inspiration, fruitful discussions, knowledgeable suggestions, and encouragement throughout the course of this study.